Hybrid Governance

 

Hybrid Governance

Governance is considered "hybrid" when it combines multiple steering modes—typically from the public, private, and civil society sectors. This type of governance exhibits one or more of the following characteristics:

• Mixed Ownership: Entities that are partly state-owned and partly private, such as State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs).
• Goal Incongruence: Organizations balancing competing missions, like social enterprises that must remain profitable while achieving social aims ("doing well by doing good").
• Multiplicity of Funding: Projects supported by a mix of taxpayers, private investors, and philanthropy, often seen in large-scale infrastructure or space programs.
• Mixed Control Systems: Regulatory environments where public agencies are monitored by private auditors, or where private platforms enforce public laws

Hybrid governance appears in several distinct fields with varying implications:

1. Political Regimes (Hybrid Regimes): Systems that blend democratic and authoritarian elements. They often feature "decorative" democratic institutions—like elections—that lack genuine competition or fairness. As of 2024, the Democracy Index classifies several countries, including Mexico, Ukraine, and Turkey, as hybrid regimes.
2. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Collaborations used for public infrastructure and services. In 2025, these continue to be essential for "wicked problems" like climate change and global health, where governments co-create solutions with NGOs and businesses.
3. Environmental Governance: Integrating formal laws with informal community norms. For example, Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) in cities often use hybrid models to unlock private funding while maintaining public green spaces.
4. Digital Platform Governance: Platforms like Amazon or Airbnb often employ hybrid governance by enforcing their own rules while simultaneously reminding users of local legal consequences, effectively acting as private regulators of public law.

Hybrid Governance leads to Accountability Gap, Equity Issues and Mission Drift.

Green Performance

 Green performance is a multifaceted approach that not only benefits the planet but also yields economic advantages and enhances a company’s reputation. As sustainability concerns continue to gain prominence, green performance is becoming a crucial aspect of modern business operations and encompasses an organization’s commitment to environmental responsibility, resource efficiency and sustainability.

In Pakistan, the lack of appropriate leadership styles and other incentives for the hospitals hinders their progress toward achieving green. However, sustainability and environmental responsibility are growing global concerns. The use of inappropriate leadership style, the lack of awareness and education regarding sustainability among stakeholders make it worst. In the absence of the green leaders, the employees, administrative staff and other staff may not fully understand the importance of green practices.

The presence of green procurement strengthens the achievement of environmental performance. Similarly, the higher environmental dynamism creates a stronger demand to go green.

Emerald Publishing Limited

International Journal of Law and Management (2025)

https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-02-2025-0065

Antiquity of FDI in Oman

 

Antiquity of FDI in Oman

Oman is a small state that produces oil with a population of approximately 4 million people. Before oil was discovered in the state around 1960s, much of its population were working in agriculture sectors while the rest of the population were engaged in activities such as fishing and trading. However, after oil was discovered in the 1960s, the economy of Oman gets transformed because of oil export. Due to the financial surplus that resulted from oil revenue around the 1970s and 1980s, Oman was able to finance local development programs without inputting foreign capital. Oman had less focus on entry behavior regarding foreign entry and ownership procedural requirement. Taking an example of both 1974 and 1978, the law governing investments in Oman prioritized giving local investor's better chance than foreign investors and Oman policy makers were less interested in obtaining foreign capital. 

Increased export of oil resulted in fall in prices of the oil, which lead to the deficit in 1998 of around 122 million from 19732. This deficit made Oman discern that it cannot hide from globalization. Oman also realized that it cannot find a way to venture into World Trade Organization (WTO) without taking hand in lowering tariffs and taking other obligations required for WTO membership such as conducive environment for foreign direct investment (FDI). Consequently, Oman started incorporating new technology and information while securing the existing relevance technology. Oman is attempting to widen its economy and lower as much as possible its normal routine of oil dependency as the key source of its income by opening doors to foreign investors.

Law and order situations, institutional standard and social climate are appealing points to attract FDI and gives much better position to Oman among top 30 countries of the world. Industrial development policies and labor cost ranking for Oman is still far behind and rank Oman amongst less favorable countries for FDI opportunities. Skilled labor access and foreign market access still appear as big obstacles on the way to derive big share of FDI inward. 

Fortunately, an encouraging comment Oman has received from World Investments Report (WIR) that Oman’s government is steadfast to ensuring their strategies are market-oriented and to attract more FDI. In all terms, Oman requires keen considerations while formulating policies specifically for the FDI carrying and supportive sectors.

  

Customers’ Perception of Islamic Banking in Oman

 

Customers’ Perception of Islamic Banking in Oman

Islamic banks are meant to provide Sharia’h complaint products and service. The awareness level of the respondents determines the demand of Sharia’h products while the quality of products determines the satisfaction level of respondents. Collectively, it develops the consumer’s perception about Islamic banking. In order to assess the Oman’s consumers’ perception about Islamic banking, a questionnaire-based survey is conducted in Dhofar region. The responses of 14 questions are analyzed in this research to know about the Oman’s consumers perception about the Islamic banking system. This research concludes that due to sufficient level of awareness among consumers and improved quality provision of Islamic products by banks, an ample share of population showed tendency towards Islamic banking products. A good strategic approach towards marketing of sharia/h products are required to further improve the satisfaction level of consumers in Oman.

Customers’ Perception of Islamic Banking in Oman: A Case Study of Dhofar Region. (2024). International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 5(3), 275-291. https://irjmss.com/index.php/irjmss/article/view/385

ISSN (Print) : 2710-0316

ISSN (Electronic): 2710-0308

 

Optimal Exchange Regime

My book is published on optimal exchange regime of Pakistan. My book is the result of my research project conducted on Pakistan’s external sector and basket peg rule. The study has been divided into two parts. The first part explores the appropriate exchange rate system for improved competitiveness of Pakistan’s trade sector. The second part finds out the solution of questions how to determine the optimal baskets and how heavily the Euro and the US dollar ought to be weighed in any such currency baskets. Using the consumer price-based indices, the appreciation, or depreciation of real effective exchange rates applying to Euro and Dollar has been analyzed for Pakistan from 1982 to 2005. The results propose that Pakistan’s external sector competitiveness ought to be insensitive to Euro and Dollar exchange rate changes. This reflects that flexible exchange rate regime is not appropriate to enhance Pakistan's externals sector due to its small economy and macroeconomic fluctuations.

https://a.co/d/5Fbv7x4

• Publisher ‏ : ‎ LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing
• ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 3659209252
• ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-3659209253

 

Online environmental platforms service and green consumer behavior nexus: a multi-mediator study

Green purchase behavior in Pakistan faces challenges due to lack of awareness, limited availability, and greenwashing by companies that demand use of online environmental platforms. The study aims to examine the effect of Online Environmental Platforms Service on green purchase behaviors of customers who intend to buy green energy products. Moreover, the indirect effects of environmental attitude, price sensitivity and impulsiveness are examined as mediators. The relationships are examined in light of theory of planned behavior. The data from a sample of 301 customers were gathered using a closed-ended questionnaire. The customers aged between 30 and 50 years were considered for the study. The findings unequivocally reveal that the provision of online environmental platforms has a profound effect on the ecological shopping inclinations of customers. 

The green purchase behavior of consumers is amplified, as is their green purchase attitude and consumer impulsiveness. However, an alert emerges— price sensitivity, despite its noteworthy impact on consumer behavior, curiously, impedes actual green purchasing. Investigating deeper, it becomes apparent that the remarkable impact of online environmental platforms is mediated by two factors: the green consumer attitude and consumer impulsiveness. 

These two factors act as conduits for the transmission of the influence of the online platforms, empowering consumers to make eco-conscious decisions. The marketers can enhance green purchase behaviors among customers by making effective use of the online environmental platform services. The Online Environmental Platforms Services can enhance sales and can be an effective strategy for high profits.

https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-023-00283-4

 

Green Sustainability in Offices

In the middle of a global climate crises, being more eco-conscious is crucial at workplace. Adopting an eco-friendly space is essential to improve wellbeing and to protect our planet from the man-made impairment. Human beings have an innate need for exposure to nature. Eco-friendly offices provide work setup that is not harmful to the environment. Green-office promotes green living or using earth friendly manufacturing methods. Research shows that Bio-philic office designs and natural scenery has restorative power and positive impacts on human productivity and cognitive skills. Bio-Philic office setup increase connectivity to the green within the building or work spaces and enriches work environmental quality.

Green office starts from waste management and goes through recycling to energy saving and then aesthetic green appearance. Incorporation of ecological aspects bolster humidity levels, reduce dust and indoor pollutants, increase productivity and elevate mood. Studies illustrate that eco-offices can reduce anxiety by 37%, anger and hostility by 44% and fatigue by 38% and bring therapeutic benefits. Research indicates that environmental awareness facilitates eco-friendly office designs and approach. Practice green procurement, incorporating nature light, waste management, try to go paperless, use of recycled products, preferring biodegradable, and walking habits add to adoption of eco-friendly office setup. To be concise, embracing a positive and caring attitude concerning our planet can bring forth an enormous change.